Łukasz Kruszewski, Ph.D., Associate (INGPAN) Professor

Address:
Instytut Nauk Geologicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences
Ośrodek Badawczy w Warszawie 
Research Centre in Warsaw
Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland

Position: associate professor
Phone (Office)  (48-22) 6978 717
E-mail:  lkruszewski@twarda.pan.pl

 

 

 

Research interest

mineralogy and geochemistry of coal-fire zones; secondary minerals and their microanalysis;
Powder X-Ray Diffraction;
Rietveld method;
thermal chamber experiments (high-temperature in situ diffraction);
trace element mobilization, transport and enrichment;
mineral systematics;
new mineral species;
field analysis of complex gas mixtures; gas phase geochemistry of wetlands; organic and inorganic biogeochemistry
microprobe analysis (EPMA), SEM-EDS.

Analysis offer / oferta realizacji zleceń analitycznych:

  • quantitative phase analysis (PXRD basis, Rietveld method) / ilościowa analiza fazowa (metoda PXRD / Rietveld);
  • quantitative and semi-quantitative gas mixtures and trace gas analysis (portable FTIR spectrometry) / ilościowa i półilościowa analiza mieszanin gazów i gazów śladowych (przenośna spektrometria FTIR)

Ongoing research/projects

  • Gas phase chemistry of coal fires in burning mining waste heaps
  • Mineralogy and mineral crystallochemistry of pyrometamorphic, exhalative, and supergene minerals related to coal fires
  • Coal-fire ash geochemistry: a case of heap materials
  • Geochemistry of soils and weathering of heap pyrometamorphic complexes (USCB, Poland)
  • Hydrosphere and biosphere (incl. fungi) in the environment of burning coal-mining waste heaps
  • Element sorption and nominal-versus-true crystallochemistry of ammonium-rich alunite-group minerals
  • Secondary Na-Cu, Ca, and As minerals from Rudna IX and Lubin Główny mines
  • Pyrometamorphic rocks from natural sites in Poland
  • Metamanganolites in Poland

Scientific cooperation in and beyong geology

  • Pyrometamorphism in Magdalenian archeological objects
  • Geophysical measures of coal fires in heaps
  • Chemistry of gas emissions in the environment

Academic degrees

2000–2003: three-year bachelor’s degree studies at the Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw; thesis topic:

„Minerały Chibin” [in Polish; Minerals of Khibiny]; 
Promoter: Andrzej Kozłowski, prof. UW

2003–2005: two-year M.Sc. studies at the Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology (Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw); thesis topic:

„Minerały powstające w wyniku podziemnych pożarów składowiska odpadów pogórniczych w Łaziskach na Górnym Śląsku” [in Polish; Minerals forming due to the underground fires of the mine-waste bingstead in Łaziska, Upper Silesia” (M.Sc. title gained on 05.10.2005)

2005–2009: four-year Ph.D. studies at the Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology (Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw); Ph.D. thesis title:

„Zespoły mineralne powstające na objętych pożarami hałdach pogórniczych Górnego Śląska” [in Polish; Mineral associations forming on burning post-mining dumps of the Upper Silesia”];  Ph.D. title gained in June of 2010

01.07.2010-07.11.019: adjunct

from 08.11.2019: associate professor

Ph.D. & M.Sc. thesis topic proposals / propozycje tematów prac doktorskich i magisterskich

  • Secondary mineral parageneses and AMD-related geochemistry of selected ore deposits in the Maramureș region, Romania [Ph.D.] / Wtórne paragenezy mineralne i geochemia procesów AMD w wybranych złożach rudnych regionu Maramureș w Rumunii [doktorat] [ONGOING; Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw]
  • Secondary copper minerals - a comparison based on selected Slovak and Polish materials [M.Sc.] / Wtórne minerały miedzi - porównanie w oparciu o wybrane materiały słowackie i polskie [mgr] [ONGOING; Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw]
  • Colouration factors of the Pliocene clays of the Poznań area [M.Sc.] / Czynniki barwy iłów plioceńskich rejonu Poznania [mgr] [ONGOING; UAM, Poznań]
  • Crystallochemistry of sulfate and chloride minerals from coal-fire environment with focus on nitrogen microanalysis methodology elaboration / Krystalochemia minerałów siarczanowych i chlorkowych środowiska pożaru węgla z naciskiem na wypracowanie metodologii mikroanalizy azotu
  • Mineralogical diversity, crystal chemistry, and some  petrological aspects versus  coal-fires pyrometamorphics / Zróżnicowanie mineralogiczne, krystalochemia minerałów i elementy petrogenezy versus pirometamorfity pożarów węgla
  • Gas analysis in diverse environments - development and support of in situ FTIR, GC and other methods / Analiza gazów w różnorodnych środowiskach - rozwinięcie i uzupełnienie metod in situ FTIR, GC i innych
  • True versus  nominal crystallochemistry and sorption characteristics in the alunite supergroup / Krystalochemia nominalna versus  realna oraz właściwości sorpcyjne w nadgrupie ałunitu

Lectures currently run

  • Modern issues and methodology in geochemistry

Professional career

26.10.2006 – 31.10.2007 and 10.12.2007 – 29.02.2008: 
stand-alone technician, operation of Bruker axs D5005 powder X-Ray diffractometer, clay mineral fraction separation, soil-derived mineral samples preparation, data interpretaion (EVA v.3 software), at the Department of Soil Environment Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences;

01.06.2009 – spring of 2010: 
operations of a JEOL JSM-6380LA scanning electron microscope with EDS microprobe, Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw

01.07.2010 – recent: adjunct at the present unit

Publications

Regular papers and book chapters

Conference papers

  • Januszewska, A., Kruszewski, Ł., Siuda, R., Żochowski, P., Kosałka, P., Sierny, W., 2023. Insights into the paragenesis of recently forming weathering minerals in acid mine drainage: a case study from world-class polymetallic deposits of the Carpathian Mountains. Mineralogia - Special Papers, 51, 68; 9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, 28th Meeting of the Petrology Group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, October 19-22, Bielawa, Poland.

  • Kruszewski Ł., 2023. Gas-phase element transfer, rare mineral deposition, and other exhalative phenomena associated with coal fires in heaps: the state of art based on the data from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6008; doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6008

  • Olds, T., Kampf, A., Plášil, J., Spano, T., Desor, J., Siuda, R., Kruszewski, Ł., Burns, P., 2022. New data for undescribed uranyl minerals supporting the CURIES database. IMA2022-1131

  • Miśta-Jakubowska, E., Kruszewski, Ł., Gójska, A., 2019. Analizy fizykochemiczne wybranych zabytków ze stanowiska Ćmielów 95, woj. świętokrzyskie. Stan obecny i perspektywy. Konferencja "The Pas Has a Future", Uniwersytet Warszawski, s. 37; www.archeologia.uw.edu.pl

  • Kruszewski, Ł., Sierny W., 2019. Radlin coal fire heap: thiosulfate- and dithionate-bearing alkaline mineralization; Cu, Fe, As, and P mineralization; and second worldwide occurrence of tsaregorodtsevite. Mineralogia - Special Papers, 49, 54; www.mineralogia.pl
  • Kruszewski,Ł., Siuda, R., Świerk, M., Szełęg, E., 2019. New occurrences of secondary minerals from Fore-Sudetic Monocline copper deposits: juangodoyite (Rudna IX mine) and rapidcreekite/brushite (Lubin Główny mine). Mineralogia - Special Papers, 49, 55;
  • Kruszewski, Ł., Siuda, R., Kosałka, P., Żochowski, P., Marciniak-Maliszewska, B., 2019. Copper and manganese minerals from "Hans" mine in Przygórze (Lower Silesia, SW Poland) - preliminary results. Mineralogia - Special Papers, 49, 56; https://konferencje.pgi.gov.pl/images/ptmin2019/mineralogia_special_papers_49_v8.pdf
  • Majka J., Kruszewski Ł., Rosén, A., Klonowska, I., 2016. Peculiar Ba- and Ti-rich dark mica from the UHP metasedimentary rocks of the Seve Nappe Complex, Scandinavian Caledonides. Mineralogia - Special Papers, 45, 73
  • Fabiańska M., Ciesielczuk, J., Misz-Kennan, M., Kruszewski, Ł., 2015. Rare organic minerals on self-heating coal waste dumps - the Wełnowiec case. Mineralogia - Special Papers, 444, 116; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283320504_Rare_organic_minerals_on_self-heating_coal_waste_dumps_-the_Welnowiec_case
  • Porowski, A., Kruszewski, Ł., and Lewandowski, M., 2015. Development of geochemical studies of water and wastes with commercial potential: the ING PAN experience [poster]. International Congress on Water, Waste and Energy Management Porto (Portugal), 16-18 July 2014, Abstracts Book, nstituto Politécnico de Portalegre, Portugalnstituto Politécnico de Portalegre, Portugal
  • Fabiańska M., Misz-Kennan M., Ciesielczuk J., Żurek M., and Kruszewski, Ł., 2015. Migration of organic compounds to soils from self-heating coal waste dumps (Lower and Upper Silesia, Poland) [poster no. C09]. 27th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Prague, September 13 - 18, 2015 (IMOG 2015 Prague), Book of abstracts, pp. 171-172
  • Fabiańska, M. J., Ciesielczuk, J., Misz-Kennan, M., and Kruszewski, Ł., 2014. Geochemical markers found passive biomonitoring in the waxes of plants growing on self-heating coal waste dumps (Lower Silesia, Poland) [poster no. E1209]. 27th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry September 13-18, 2015, Prague, Czech Republic (IMOG 2015 Prague), Book of Abstracts, pp. 902-903; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290438081_Geochemical_markers_found_passive_biomonitoring_in_the_waxes_of_plants_growing_on_self-heating_coal_waste_dumps_Lower_Silesia_Poland
  • Kruszewski, Ł., Ciesielczuk, J., Misz-Kennan, M. and Fabiańska, M., 2014. Chemical composition of glasses and associating mineral species in various pyrometamorphic rocks from coal-mining dumps of the Lower Silesia. Mineralogia - Special Papers 42, 70-71.
  • Ciesielczuk J., Kruszewski Ł., Fabiańska M., Misz-Kennan M., Kowalski A., and Mysza B., 2014. Efflorescences and gas composition emitted from the burning coal - waste dump in Słupiec, Lower Silesian Coal Basin, Poland. 4th Central-European Mineralogical Conference - CEMC 2014 (Proceedings of the international symposium CEMC 2014; ISBN 978-80-210-6832-2), 26.
  • Kruszewski, Ł., Ciesielczuk, J., and Misz-Kennan, M., 2014. Mineralogy of some metacarbonate rocks from burned coal-mining dump in Przygórze (Lower Silesian Coal Basin) and its analogy to "olive" rocks from the Hatrurim Formation. 4th Central-European Mineralogical Conference - CEMC 2014 (Proceedings of the international symposium CEMC 2014; ISBN 978-80-210-6832-2), 77; https://www.academia.edu/6896286/BOOK_OF_ABSTRACTS_4th_CENTRAL_EUROPEAN_MINERALOGICAL_CONFERENCE
  • Majzner, K., Słaby, E., Karwowski, Ł., Muszyński, A., Simon, K., and Kruszewski, Ł., 2014. Raman spectra of coexisting graphite and feldspar crystals from the Morasko meteorite. The 21st General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA 2014), Johannesburg, RSA, 01-05 Sept; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266671967_Raman_spectra_of_coexisting_graphite_and_feldspar_crystals_from_the_Morasko_meteorite
  • Słaby, E., Wirth, R., Förster, H.-J., Moszumańska, I., and Kruszewski, Ł., 2014. TEM and chemical composition study of phosphates from NWA 2795 shergottite: equilibrium or sequential crystallization? The 21st General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA 2014), Johannesburg, RSA, 01-05 Sept.
  • Kruszewski, Ł., and Ciesielczuk, J., 2013. Anthropogenic analogues of geological processes – a case of burning post-mining dumps as shown by natural samples and thermal experiment. 30th TSOP Meeting, Sosnowiec, Poland, September 1 – 4, Abstract Book, 32; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265913000_Anthropogenic_analogues_of_geological_processes_-_a_case_of_burning_post-_mining_dumps_as_shown_by_natural_samples_and_thermal_experiments
  • Ciesielczuk J., Kruszewski Ł., and Majka, J, 2013. Experimental study of the thermal transformation of siderite from the coal waste dump in Katowice-Wełnowiec, Poland. Mineralogia – Special Papers, 36,  74; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265913127_Experimental_study_of_the_thermal_transformation_of_siderite_from_the_coal_waste_dump_in_Katowice-Welnowiec_Poland
  • Kruszewski, Ł. 2013. Możliwości i ograniczenia metody Rietvelda – odpowiedź na podstawie użytkowania programu TOPAS. IV Spotkanie Użytkowników Systemów Firmy Bruker, Poznań 03-04.10.2013 r., Conference Materials, W13, 30 – 31.[in Polish] [Capabilities and constraints of the Rietveld method – an answer basing on the use of the TOPAS software; presented on: 4th Meeting of the Users of the Bruker Systems]
  • Kruszewski, Ł. 2013. Komora termiczna jako narzędzie do zrozumienia procesów przeobrażenia materiałów odpadowych. IV Spotkanie Użytkowników Systemów Firmy Bruker, Poznań 03-04.10.2013 r., 59 – 60 [poster] [in Polish] [Thermal chamber as a tool for understanding the processes of trasformation of waste materials; presented on: 4th Meeting of the Users of the Bruker Systems]
  • Kruszewski, Ł., 2013. Synthesis of diverse chemically and structurally unique substances from coal-mining heap waste during experiments in diffraction-coupled thermal chamber. “Science for Industry: Necessity is the mother of invention: Second Networking Event in the field of modern techniques in geosystem exploration”, Warszawa
  • Kruszewski, Ł., 2012. Unique chloride assemblage of exhalative origin from burning coal mining dump in Radlin (Rybnik Coal Area, S Poland). Mineralogia – Special Papers 40, 90–92; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288916334_Unique_chloride_assemblage_of_exhalative_origin_from_burning_coal-mining_dump_in_Radlin_Rybnik_coal_area_S_Poland
  • Kruszewski, Ł., Ciesielczuk, J., and Misz-Kennan, M., 2012. Geochemia pierwiastków śladowych w środowisku płonących hałd górnictwa węglowego – przykłady z Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego. II Polski Kongres Geologiczny, Warszawa [in Polish] [Geochemistry of trace elements in the environment of burning dumps of coal mining – examples from Upper Silesian Coal Basin]
  • Kruszewski, Ł., Ciesielczuk, J., and Misz-Kennan, M., 2012. What have meteorites to do with coal fires? A case of Upper and Lower Silesian Coal Basins. Mineralogia – Special Papers 40, 28–29; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285432931_What_have_meteorites_to_do_with_coal_fires_A_case_of_Upper_and_Lower_Silesian_Basins
  • Słaby, E., Karwowski, Ł., Muszyński, A., Simon, K., Majzner, K., Kruszewski, Ł., Moszumańska, I., and Wróbel, M., 2012. Composition and growth morphology of feldspar crystals from the Morasko meteorite: LA-ICP-MS and Raman – SEM EDS imaging study. Mineralogia – Special Papers 40, 53; www.mineralogia.pl
  • Siuda, R., Kruszewski, Ł., and Borzęcki, R., 2008. Uranospinite from the abandoned Podgórze uranium mine in Kowary (The Karkonosze Mts, Poland). Mineralogia Special Papers, 32, 143; www.cemc.agh.edu.pl; www.ptmin.agh.edu.pl
  • Kisiel M., Kruszewski Ł. 2008. Minerały ilaste gleb płowych w wieloletnim doświadczeniu polowym w Skierniewicach. Związki próchniczne i minerały ilaste w ekosystemach i ochronie środowiska, materiały konferencyjne (Wrocław 8-10.09.2008), 65 [in Polish] [Clay minerals of the … soils in multi-year field experiment in Skierniewice; in: … compounds and clay minerals in ecosystems and environment protection, conference materials]
  • Kruszewski, Ł., 2008: Apatite-ellestadite solid solution and associated minerals of metacarbonate slags from burning coal dump in Rydułtowy (Upper Silesia). Mineralogia Special Papers, 32, 100
  • Zagórski, Z., Stępień, W., and Kruszewski, Ł., 2007: Occurence of hydroxy-interlayer minerals in long-term nutrified soils from Skierniewice experimental field - preliminary report. Euroclay 2007 (22-27 July 2007 Aveiro Portugal) Abstract Book, 291–292
  • Siuda, R., and Kruszewski, Ł., 2006. New data on bayldonite, cornwallite, olivenite and phillipsburgite from Miedzianka (Rudawy Janowickie Mts., Sudetes, Poland). Mineralogia Polonica, 28, 202–204
  • Kruszewski Ł. 2006. Oldhamite-periclase-portlandite-fluorite assemblage and coexisting minerals of burnt dump in Siemianowice Śląskie – Dąbrówka Wielka area (Upper Silesia, Poland) – preliminary report. Mineralogia Polonica, 28,  118–120; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285329328_Oldhamite-periclase-portlandite-fluorite_assemblage_and_coexisting_minerals_of_burnt_dump_in_Siemianowice_Slaskie-Dabrowka_Wielka_area_Upper_Silesia_Poland_-_preliminary_report
  • Siuda r., Gál-Sólymos K., Kruszewski Ł. 2006. Agardite-(La)–duftite and scorodite–köttigite-like mineral paragenesis from supergenic zone of the Miedzianka deposit (Rudawy Janowickie Mts., Poland) – preliminary report. Mineralogia Polonica Special Papers, 29, 192–195; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313025067_Agardite-La-duftite_and_scorodite-kottigite-like_mineral_paragenesis_from_supergenic_zone_of_the_Miedzianka_deposit_Rudawy_Janowickie_Mts_Poland_-_preliminary_report
  • Siuda, R., and Kruszewski, Ł., 2005. Arsenate mottramite from the Stara Góra deposits (Kaczawa Mts., Poland) – preliminary report. Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne Prace Specjalne, 26, 260–263

 

Other articles

New minerals

  • Chukanov, N.V., Rastsvetaeva, R.K., Kruszewski, L., Aksenov, S.M., Rusakov, V.S., Britvin, S.N., Vozchikova, S.A. (2018): Siudaite, Na8(Mn2+2Na)Ca6Fe3+3Zr3NbSi25O74(OH)2Cl*5H2O: a new eudialyte-group mineral from the Khibiny alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 45,, 745-758; doi: 10.1007/s00269-018-0959-9
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323526549_Siudaite.html
  • Siuda, R., Kruszewski, Ł. (proposal in preparation)

Mineral Systematics

  • morozeviczite and polkovicite - names correction (change proposal sent to the IMA)
  • sklodowskite - name correction (change proposal sent to the IMA)

Memberships

The Mineralogical Society of Poland

Awards

Distinction of the Ph.D. thesis

Space Research (ESA/ESRIC)

Participation, after invitation of the Łukasiewicz-PIAP, in ESA-ESRIC's "Space Resources Challenge" competition related to raw materials prospecting on the Moon (including 1st-step testing in ESA ESRIC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, in November 2021): the final winner is expected to provide elements then included in the European Large Logistic Lander that is expected to land at the Moon's South Pole in 2028/2029. More: https://www.spaceresourceschallenge.esa.int; https://space24.pl/nauka-i-edukacja/lukasiewicz-piap-w-grupie-finalistow-konkursu-esa; https://centrumnauki.eu/ksiezycowy-lazik-z-polski%EF%BF%BC/robot-lukasiewicz-piap-na-konkurs-esa-i-esric-768x559/; https://scienceinpoland.pl/en/news/news%2C91851%2Clukasiewicz-piap-engineers-space-resources-challenge-finals.html

Other

Courses attended

  • Reynolds Cup IX (2018) competition participant
  • 20.11.2006 – 24.11.2006: TOPAS training course (evaluation EVA software, TOPAS PXRD data deconvolution software, including: unit cell parameters and crystallinity degree parameters calculation, microstrain calculation, Rietveld method including quantitative analysis), by: Geert Vanhoyland (Bruker, Karlsruhe)
  • „Crystallography B: (lectures and practice during Ph.D. studies: theory and practice of crystallography and crystal chemistry, laboratory monocrystalline diffraction measurements, structure refinement and results presentation using SHELLX software), by: prof. Krzysztof Woźniak (Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw)
  • SIMS short (5-day) course: „Introduction to Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry in the Earth Sciences”, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 22.-26.10.2012, by: prof. Michael Wiedenbeck (manager of GFZ SIMS Laboratory at GFZ)
  • SIMS - technical course, GFZ SIMS Laboratory

Press-related cases

Science popularization and other activity

  • Wywiad dla czasopisma Focus / Interview for Focus: www.focus.pl/artykul/plonace-haldy-jak-wulkany-wywiad-pan
  • Mindat (www.mindat.org): level-2 updating/correcting data (new minerals, valid unnamed minerals,  mineral systematics redefinitions, etc.)
  • Kruszewski, Ł. "Płonące hałdy jako model naturalnych środowisk geologicznych" [Burning heaps as a model of natural geologic environments]. Speech for The Student's Scientific Circle of Geologists of the University of Wrocław, 17.12.2019
  • Kruszewski, Ł. "Najciekawsze odkrycia mineralogiczne ostatniego dziesięciolecia" [The most interesting mineralogical discoveries of the last decade]. Speech for The "Ametyst" Scientific Circle at the University of Warsaw, 12.12.2019
  • Kruszewski, Ł. "Magnetyzm i inne ciekawostki w minerałach" [Magnetism and other oddities in minerals]. Speech for The Scientific Circle of Geophysics of the University of Warsaw, 09.12.2019
  • Kruszewski, Ł. Presentation of portable GASMET DX4000 gas analysis system, Piknik Naukowy [Scientific Picnic], 04.06.2019, Warszawa
  • Kruszewski, Ł. "Minerały - nowinki i ciekawostki" [Minerals - news and oddities]. Competitive exhibition, Crystal Days (Sudecki Festiwal Minerałów), Lubań, 12-15.07.2018
  • Kruszewski, Ł. "Nowoczesne metody analizy minerałów z użyciem metody XRF" [Modern techniques of mineral analysis using the XRF method]. Two speeches, Crystal Days (Sudecki Festiwal Minerałów), Lubań, 12-15.07.2018
  • Kruszewski, Ł. Attendance in "Piknik Naukowy Polskiego Radia i Centrum Nauki Kopernik" [Scientific Picnic of the Polish Radio and the Copernicus Science Centre], 09.06.2018, Warszawa
  • Kruszewski, Ł. "Nowe minerały vs ING PAN – grupa eudialitu… i co jeszcze?" [New minerals vs ING PAS - the eudialyte group...and what else?" Speech for joint "Spirifer" and "Polskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk o Ziemi" [Polish Club of Friends of Earth Sciences], 11.10.2017
  • Kruszewski, Ł. A speech, regarding the discovery of the new mineral siudaite, for joint "Spirifer" and "Polskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk o Ziemi" [Polish Club of Friends of Earth Sciences].
  • Kruszewski, Ł. "Collecting minerals on burning dumps?! Sure…". Speech, 1st Mindat Conference, Lwówek Śląski, 09.11.2017
  • Occasional: lectures, in geochemistry and mineralogy fields, for student's from various institutions, e.g:

Personal systematic mineral collection: https://www.mindat.org/gallery-5205.html